Kate's Law would significantly tighten penalties for illegal entry and for reentry after removal. Specifically, it raises the penalties under the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) for illegal entry (8 U.S.C. 1325) and adds a new mandatory minimum penalty in certain cases. It also increases penalties for those who reenter the United States after being denied admission, excluded, deported, or removed, including some enhanced penalties for people with prior removals or certain criminal histories. The bill makes several cross-reference and leadership updates (e.g., shifting some authority references from the Attorney General to the Secretary of Homeland Security) and clarifies what counts as “removal” for purposes of these penalties. In short, the bill aims to deter illegal entry and reentry by imposing higher and, in some cases, mandatory prison terms and by tightening enforcement provisions.